Adolf Hitler biography

Adolf Hitler Childhood of Adolf Hitler as an Artist Hitler as a Soldier in World War I Entry into Politics Hitler comes into Power Hitler begins World War II Death Bibliography * Adolf Hitler http://History1900s. about. com/cs/hitleradolf/p/hitler. htm(Retrieved 16-04-2013) * Hitler Facts http://History1900s. com/od/hitleradolf/a/Hitler-Facts. htm(Retrieved 16-04-2013) * Adolf Hitler http://en. wikipedia. organization/wiki/Adolf_Hitler Adolf Hitler was conceived on 20 April 1889 in Braunau am Inn, Austria.He spent his adolescence in Austria. His folks were Alois (1897-1903) and Klara (1860-1907) Hitler. He was the fourth of six youngsters. The family moved many occasions 1984, the family migrated to Leonding, in 1897 they moved to Lambach and after a year, they for all time moved back to Leonding. In 1902, when Hitler was 13, his dad died and his mom needed to deal with the family. Circumstances were difficult and Hitler chose to stop school at 16 years old and stayed away forever. H itler longed for turning into a craftsman. o in 1907 and again in 1908, he applied to the Vienna Academy of Art yet was denied entrance the multiple times. Toward the finish of 1908,his mother passed on of bosom malignant growth. After his mother’s demise, Hitler went through 4 years living in the city of Vienna, offering postcards of his work to bring in cash. To abstain from serving in the Austrian armed force, Hitler moved to Munich, Germany in May 1913. Hitler elected to serve in the German armed force once the war started. Hitler endure 4 years of World War I, during which he was granted 2 Iron Crosses for bravery.He supported 2 wounds during the war-in October 1916 and October 13 1918, which made him go incidentally visually impaired. After the war, numerous in Germany felt double-crossed by the legislature. In 1919, Hitler was working for a military association in which he was looking up for neighborhood political gatherings. While spying, he joined a gathering and tur ned into the 55th part called the German Worker’s Party and before long was driving it. In 1920, the party’s name was changed to Nationalist Socialist German Worker’s party(the Nazi Party).In November 1923, Hitler was captured for the disappointment of his abrupt moves to make over the legislature of Germany. He was discharged 9 months after the fact. In the wake of escaping jail, Hitler was resolved to develop the Nazi Party so as to assume control over the German government lawfully. In 1932, Hitler was allowed German citizenship. In July 1932, the Nazi party won the decisions making it the controlling ideological group in Germany. Hitler had enough help to become President yet he lost the political decision to Paul von Hindenburg.A year later Hindenburg passed on and Hitler dominated. After lawfully picking up power in Germany, Hitler started putting the individuals who can't help contradicting him in inhumane imprisonments and accusing the entirety of the pe ople’s issues for Communists and Jews. Without harming anybody, Hitler had the option to assume control over Austria in 1938 without a fight. At the point when Germany assaulted Poland on 1 September 1939, other European Countries could no longer stand aside and watch-World War II started. Hitler gradually expelled Jews from the German Society.However the Nazis made Jews to fill in as slaves and work for them. Hitler is considered as one of the most underhanded individuals on History on account of the Holocaust. (A devastation by fire). On April 29 1945, Adolf Hitler wedded his long-term fancy woman, Eva Braun and composed the two his last will and political proclamation. The next day on 30th April 1945, Adolf Hitler and Eva Braun commited self destruction. On his Last will he composed: â€Å"I am doing this just to abstain from affliction and destruction. †

Recruitment Policy Essay

This approach characterizes how an association purposes to do or act while enrolling its workers. It guides the board on issues to do with enrollment and guarantees that there is consistency in enlistment choices and systems. It characterizes when the enrollment will be done and furthermore the wellspring of the possibility for enlistment. The arrangement additionally plots the techniques for enrollment and the substance of the activity advert. The enrollment arrangement expresses the creation of a group of individuals answerable for the determination of the perfect up-and-comers just as the choice methods to be utilized. This organization initiates workers when need emerges, that is when there is an occupation opportunity because of abdication, demise or development of the association where new positions rise. The organization utilizes outer wellsprings of enlistment, for example, professional instructional hubs, the open work advertise just as its rivals. The organization utilizes promoting in the paper and representative referrals as its strategies for enlistment. The activity advert in the paper contains the organization recognizable proof, work outline, key obligations, date of supposition of obligation, the end date for applications, the application methodology and the contact subtleties of the association. The choice group will comprise of the General Manager and the boss of the office where the up-and-comer will be working in just as senior administration. The organization will mostly utilize character tests and appraisal focuses as determination tests. The organization is an equivalent open door manager and expectations to accord equivalent chances to all candidates regardless of sex, race, statement of faith, or conjugal status in issues identifying with enlistment as per the equivalent open door approach. On issues identifying with enlistment, the board should utilize this strategy as a rule to guarantee consistency and value in their choices. Any enrollment choices which are made without following this arrangement will be esteemed as invalid. This approach applies to all representatives and the General Manager is the dependable expert for ensuring that it is followed.

Discussion Topic – Egocentric Thinking

How does leading examination move you away from the issue of egocentric reasoning that was talked about on page 21 in the Paul and Elder basic reasoning booklet? As people we are some of the time stuck in our own convictions. We accept what we are told and what we've constantly known. â€Å"We don't normally value the perspective of others nor the impediments in our own place of view† (Simmons, 2011). By directing exploration, we can experience different perspectives that are increasingly truthful with genuine research behind it. We just have such a great amount to offer dependent on our experiences.If we look into other's work from around the globe, we are presently open to such a significant number of more prospects. A basic mastermind is one that would explore regularly to discover different points of view and afterward take that Information to frame an informed reaction. A non-basic mastermind would be the one to adhere to their own convictions dependent on what they know from individual experience. * How may leading your request look into venture add to your expert information base, instead of depending on your instinctive information base to make decisions?By directing my own Inquiry examine venture, I will have the option to see numerous points of view and thoughts identified with my subject by experts from everywhere. Since I am another instructor, I truly depend on other's work since they've had a great deal more understanding than me. They've invested the energy for all that exploration that I would have never known something else. We as a whole live in various regions so my exploration results may just work for the understudy's In my general vicinity. It's essential to get an assortment of research with the goal that you can aggregate them to get an all the more balanced result.How does the aptitude of settling on choices dependent on basically inspecting and directing exploration separate you as an expert teacher? By settling on choices depen dent on looking into and explore, separates me since I am not Just taking what I know from my own study hall and staying with what I know. I am ready to look into proficient articles to open my mind and permit new thoughts in. An educator that inquires about frequently and attempts new thoughts in their study hall, will have a greater amount of an Impact and become a superior adjusted proficient with significantly more to add to this calling.

The History of Saturday Morning Cartoon Essay Topics Refuted

The History of Saturday Morning Cartoon Essay Topics Refuted Whatever They Told You About Saturday Morning Cartoon Essay Topics Is Dead Wrong...And Here's Why Children must be confident communicators to be able to have happy, fulfilled and successful lives. Television is an essential element in stereotyping gender roles. In general, Meddling Kids is an intriguing experiment that has a number of pleasures despite a number of the questionable authorial choices. Children and parents won't necessarily get the very same jokes, which opens up plenty of chance for discussion afterwards. Most people believe that cartoons are colourful and harmless movies for kids. If you're on the lookout for a great deal of Tom and Jerry, Woody Woodpecker, Merrie Melodies, Looney Tunes, and even more, this is where to go. So I thought now would be an ideal time to have a look back at the finest Saturday Morning Cartoons. Cartoons are offered around the clock. Various cartoons encourage various beliefs and appeal to various audiences. You start to find something to assist you stay awake. Whenever you have something similar with your speaking partner, this means you have something to chat about. The humor works on two levels the majority of the moment, too. If, on the flip side, the individual facing you turns around, catches your eye and smiles, you can attempt starting a little conversation. Even the dog is a somewhat compelling character. My father took us for lunch to a great restaurant for a fantastic lunch, later that evening most of us start to have things ready for a different week. When a little one starts to watch educational cartoons he finds out a good deal of new things prior to going to school. Cartoons are likewise a source for entertainment. They consist of a large amount of today's television. The cartoons might be old, but don't be concerned about the quality. These cartoons were often referred to as animations for kids because of the simple fact that children are somewhat more interested in gags and what's presented, but not the caliber of the presentation. I thought it turned out to be a techy gadget store, but the majority of the merchandise is DVDs. These feats of cartoon greatness may not be forgotten. There were lots of hillbilly characters on quite a few old cartoons. The very first stage in the history of cartoons is called the Golden Age. In many instances, that's a great outcome. It's an ideal in-between, a moment absolutely free of obligation. This tactic worked for a long time, but there looks like a limit. Fortunately, a number of those parents are talented playwrights. As you learn your worth, you will be able to set up standards and make healthful boundaries. More than half a century have passed, we're still advocating national industrialization but only this moment, we're not the 2nd most developed economy we're scrapping the base of the barrel. Why, as you know your worth! There is an increasing body of opinions among professionals that an increasing amount of children are experiencing communication difficulties. They try to talk in the identical way. Children who have difficulty communicating often go on to create behavioral difficulties, mainly on account of their frustration at not having the ability to express their demands, take part in social exchange and achieve in education. Others are better suited for certain scenarios. As is frequently the situation, that restriction led to some very intriguing and unwanted outcomes. If I am misunderstanding, perhaps it requires to be clarified. You cannot correctly love someone less you know how to correctly love yourself. We'll be grilling some fajitas so don't hesitate to bring anything to improve our Mexican style celebration! The plot is straightforward enough. Probably ought to be stated in the report. The Debate Over Saturday Morning Cartoon Essay Topics Litton's CBS block is called the CBS Dream Team. We agree that the present Medium Term Program is simply a rehash of prior programs having the most minor of changes. The new programming is going to be a better fit. Stricter FCC guidelines on educational programming left programmers struggling for some time, as did questions about the way to deal with the growth of on-line programming. Needless to say, she was very satisfied to meet him.

Music Piracy And The Music Industry - 1833 Words

If you ask people about the state of the music industry, you’re more than likely to hear something along the lines of â€Å"the music industry is dying†, and in some ways, this is true. Music piracy has definitely harmed the music industry for the worse, and continues to be a threat, as according to Digital Music News internet piracy grew 44% from 2008 - 2014 (Steele, â€Å"If You Think Piracy...†). Numbers like that just simply aren’t good for the music industry, as each example of piracy is an example of a lost sale. However, there is a new force emerging within the music industry. This option takes the music industry down the same free, digital direction, but legally; it’s called music streaming. Music streaming offers listeners the opportunity to listen unlimited amounts of music, anytime, anywhere -- as long as they have internet and a medium to listen to it with (phones, tablets, computers) -- either for free, or for a monthly paid subscripti on. Streaming services that offer free music streaming gain revenue through advertisements, which are used to pay record labels and their artists; however, the major source of income comes from the paid subscriptions. Paying for a subscription to these websites offers users unique benefits that users would not be able to access through the free route. For example, some services become ad - free, allow you to download a certain number of songs, let you listen to whatever specific song you want to at any point in time, e.t.c. So what effectShow MoreRelatedMusic Industry And How Serious The Music Piracy1935 Words   |  8 Pagesin China music industry and how serious the music piracy in China music market? This paper will first present some news happened in recent years in China music factory about the music infringement lawsuits. Then it will show the whole trend and distribution of music sales in China. It will also use the microeconomic models to analyze the societal benefits under the situation of without and with piracy. Then the paper will give some discussion of existing literature about the music piracy. Keywords:Read MoreMusic Piracy s Impact On The Industry2329 Words   |  10 PagesMusic Piracy’s Impact on the Industry The digital age has brought innumerable benefits to society throughout the past decade. Many new markets have been created, and routes for innovation have opened, but not all industries have flourished as a result of this era. Music piracy, which is the illegal act of obtaining or distributing sound recordings without the owner’s permission, is theorized to be the ultimate downfall of the music industry. CD sales have plummeted and caused the music moguls toRead MoreEssay about Computer Piracy in The Music Industry900 Words   |  4 PagesComputer Piracy (The Music Industry) The music industry has had problems with computer piracy for many years now. 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Osha Rules and Regulations Example For Students

Osha Rules and Regulations Brief Background of OSHA Regulations OSHA refers to the Occupational Safety and Health Act enacted by the United States Congress in 1970. It was signed into law by Richard Nixon, the then United States President in December of that same year. It is a federal law that oversees the adherence to and enforcement of health and safety within the workplace in both the federal government and the privates sector. Its main objective is to make sure that employees are afforded a working environment that is free of hazards such as toxic chemical substances, noise pollution, dangers from operating machines, extreme temperature differentials or generally unsanitary working conditions. It forms an integral part of almost all the employment laws and policies throughout the United States. The Act and subsequent legislative laws following its enactment are enforced by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration which falls under the Department of labour of the United States Federal Government. It was created under the OSHA Act and its mission is to enforce workplace safety and health standards by the preventing injuries, illnesses and fatalities that may result from one’s occupation and/or workplace environment. It is a futile process to try and understand the benefits of OSHA Rules and Regulations without at first familiarizing ourselves with at least some of these rules and regulations. OSHA Regulations in Construction OSHA has developed guidelines and regulations for almost every single form of office in the workplace imaginable. Its regulations span from dealing with hazardous conditions to conducting work on construction sites and the inter relation between the two. Here we shall primarily focus on OSHA rules and regulations for the construction industry. These rules and regulations are extremely numerous and as such we can only afford to tackle some of the most pertinent ones. OSHA regulations that are most pertinent to the construction industry are; * General safety and Health Provisions (1926.20); It states in part that it is the responsibility of employers to prevent accidents. It places a burden on employers to conduct frequent inspections on their safety apparatus and equipment. It also emphases that only select enterprises that have adhered to the laid down safety standards shall be allowed to operate highly sensitive or hazardous materials. * Safety Training and Education (1926.21): It states that all employees should be given adequate training in construction safety. This training includes not only how to operate large machinery and handle hazardous materials but also how to use the equipment handed down to them to enhance their safety. * Housekeeping (1926.25) in cases of ongoing construction all doorways, exits must be free of debris. * Means of Egress (1926.34) All construction sites shall have unobstructed egress from all corners of the site. Exits should be clearly marked and easily accessible to every single construction worker. * Hand Tools (1926.301).No worker shall be permitted to use an unsafe hand tool * Other rules include the employers duty to provide a life vest when working near water, safety goggles in a work station that might interfere with a workers eyesight or be pose danger to his face e.g. through flying debris, provision of firefighting equipment and a hard hat in a site where falling debris is likely. It is important to note that here 1926 refers to the part number of the regulation and not a year in time whereas the number that follows it refers to the specific standard number of the relations. This makes the process of referencing and counterchecking the specific regulations easier. Benefits of OSHA Rules and Regulations * Savings on Future Financial Costs: OSHA rules and regulations are formulated to enhance a safer working environment in the workplace. This does not necessarily negate the financial viability of the company. The uptake of OSHA rules and regulations by an firm especially on within the construction industry would lead to reduced losses in form of compensation for workers due to accidents, law suits and costly settlements, cost of replacing machinery, the inconvenience of federal investigation and lost man hours which translates to forgone profits. Thus companies would rather comply with OSHA rules and regulations to offset threats on their possible future incomes. For instance, within the construction industry where falling debris, fires and heavy equipment are the norm adhering to OSHA regulations of providing hard hats, fire extinguishers and proper training would save the company costs of providing compensation to injured workers and loss of equipment or heavy machinery. Evaluation EssayThere are federal laws, state laws and local laws all of which must be adhered to. The OSHA regulations form part of federal laws whereas other state and local laws are in existence dealing with the same issues. This creates a dilemma that is currently facing most companies i.e. the multiplicity of laws that they have to comply with. This is quite difficult for the companies to keep up with since all these laws may at times require different interpretations and compliance procedures. * Increased Number of Law Suits and Legal Battles: The OSHA rules and regulations also lead to an increased number of legal lawsuits and protracted legal battles. This is due to the fact that the regulations place an almost infinite number of responsibilities and duties on the company to safeguard safety in the workplace whereas it should be a combined and conscious effort of both the employer and the worker. These legal battles cost a lot of time and money and usually end up destroying the reputation of affected companies. Conclusion In conclusion it is important to make a note of the fact that OSHA rules and regulations are indeed numerous and do require a high level of legal interpretation and an even greater capacity to implement them. However, despite it adverse impact on the business environment it is a hugely relevant and useful piece of legislation that ensures the safety of workers who form the lifeblood of our economy. The benefits of their implementation are worth more than the costs. Thus all corporate institutions should ensure that they adhere to these rules and regulations and it is also upon workers to emphasize and seek for their implementation either individually, through their union representatives or even their elected representatives. References Stender, H. (1974). Enforcing the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970: The Federal Government as a Catalyst. Law and Contemporary Problems Mendeloff, J. (1979) Regulating Safety: An Economic and Political Analysis of Occupational Safety and Health Policy. Cambridge: MIT MacLaury, J. (1984) The Occupational Safety and Health Administration: A History of its First Thirteen Years, 1971-1984. Washington, D.C.: United States. Department of Labor

USA- Spain an Example by

USA- Spain Spain is as diverse as any other country, especially for non-natives. However, several principles of human resources still apply to companies based in Spain where employees are most likely Spanish. These general principles along with specific ones can help improve job satisfaction, improve motivation, and increase performance in all departments. Need essay sample on "USA- Spain" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed First, it should be understood how diversity should be put to an advantage. Differences among employees are nothing new to international businesses. Thus, the differences should be identified and all efforts should be put in understanding them and putting them in their proper perspectives. For instance, adjusting in the time differences in the work schedules of workers in Spain should be made. The first consideration is that superiors should understand the culture of siesta. Because workers used in this culture may find it difficult to go back to work with the same level of energy that they have in the morning, managers should promote activities that will perk them up when they go back to work in the afternoon after the siesta break. Siesta is not the only cultural difference that Spain has over the United States and other countries. The Geert Hofstede Cultural Dimensions (Hofstede, 2003) indicate some job-related factors that make Spanish workplaces different from those in the United States. First, the power distance index in Spain is greater than in the United States. This shows that hierarchy is important for Spanish workers. Thus, line of functions if there are any should be closely observed. Superiority should be well respected and job descriptions should be followed. Giving regard to hierarchy is important for the Spanish so non-natives should be sensitive about it to avoid offending them. Americans are more liberal than the Spanish. This is evident in the high margin that it maintains over Spain in terms of individualism. Thus, American workers can be used to speaking out and speaking up, while the Spanish can keep restraint and avoid deviance. This can pose a problem for Americans new to Spain especially in the workplaces where team work is essential. (Hofstede, 2003) In view of this, Americans should not take it negatively if they find it hard for their Spanish workers to contribute actively at work. While Spanish workers can also exercise initiative, it is not a general practice for them to precede the initiative of their superiors because, as mentioned above, they highly regard hierarchy and power distance. Americans, thus, should mean well by being more encouraging to their Spanish workers and giving constructive criticism to their initiatives. It should also be noted well that the lack of individualism can make the Spanish sensitive with outright negative criticism. Unlike in the United States, Spanish workers may not take criticism told straight up easily. Americans in Spain should know this so that they may avoid this which can greatly affect the work performance of their workers. Where history was discriminative and regarded women as second-class citizens everywhere once, Hofstede (2003) claims that masculinity is greater in the United States than in Spain. This may induce the fact that American workplaces can be more male-dominated than Spanish workplaces. However, it should not be concluded that American workplaces are more discriminative. In fact, American firms are drastically enforcing measures to avoid all forms of discrimination including against women. In view of an American in a Spanish workplace, however, care should be taken that discrimination against women that may be normal in a United States setting is avoided. In fact, discrimination of any form should be eliminated at any angle. It should be noted that diversity does not make a specific culture more superior than others. This will foster good relations among employees and employers however diverse the setting may be. Americans are individualistic, and so it follows that they can be adventurous as well. Hofstede (2003) showed that the Spanish avoid uncertainties and can play things safely more than their American counterparts. This is essential especially for stakeholders and high-ranks. Knowing that the Spanish can be less adventurous, they should make sure that every step they take in the business that they are handling are carefully studied and backed up with relevant and updated data. This lessens the risks in their decisions which may repel Spanish partners and officers from supporting their proposals. If they show that every single detail of the proposal has been studied, they are more likely to endorse the proposal and enforce it. As with workers, managers should show workers how a decision has been made, and how it can affect the workers and the company both positively and negatively. Laying the cards straight will enable the workers to get a view of the situation and clarify doubts and qu estions that they may have early on. As risk-taking behavior is evidently essential for businesses to maintain their competitive edge, Americans should be sensitive about the play-safe behavior of the Spanish and should work around it. The more one adheres to the culture of one country, the easier it is for him to blend in. Reading about the country and its people as well as seeking guidance from a native can very well improve ones staying power in a Spain-based company. Avoiding saying words that one does not understand is one key. The Spanish uses a language that is totally different from that of Americans, and so it should be understood that using the language should be taken with care. This will dispel slip-of-the-tongues and mispronunciations which can be funny and worse offensive to native speakers of the language. Dressing is another consideration. While corporate dressing is a universal language, it can still be highly variable in consideration of the climate changes in the country and the comfort of the people there. Thus, while one is get used to specific clothing items in his centrally air-conditioned office, if it does not fit well in the workplace in Spain (even if it is equally air-conditioned and the position and company is the same), deviant clothes should go and replaced with ones which will allow one to blend in. Diversity is a challenge that multinational companies face every single day. Yet, this should not stifle companies from prospering. Again, fostering these differences for the advantage of the company is the key to creating a homogenous group of workers who can co-exist despite major incompatibilities. In the end, it will appear true that managing diversity in the workplace is the only way that companies can penetrate the global business scene. References Hofstede, G. (2003). Geert Hofstede cultural dimensions. Retrieved June 7, 2007, http://www.geert-hofstede.com/hofstede_dimensions.php This essay is written by top academic experts from our essay writing service (USA).

Macbeths Fall from Greatness Essays

Macbeths Fall from Greatness Essays Macbeths Fall from Greatness Paper Macbeths Fall from Greatness Paper Although Macbeth is ultimately responsible for his fall from greatness, the witches’ prophecies and Lady Macbeth’s manipulation assist in his downfall in Shakespeare’s tragedy Macbeth. The ultimate downfall of Macbeth would not take place without the initial prophecies of the witches. His demise is outlined in the suggestive words of the witches when they first meet. They entertain the prophecy that Macbeth â€Å"shalt be king hereafter! † (I,iii,54). The success of the first two prophecies of becoming the Thane of Glamis and Cawdor raises ambition for the last to be fulfilled. In foretelling that Macbeth will take over as the king of Scotland, the witches lead him to assume murder as the only way to fulfill the prophecy. Macbeth begins to convince himself that if chance will have [him] king, why chance may crown [him] without [his] stir. (I,iii,154-156). Reluctant as Macbeth appears to be he later reveals that he â€Å"dares do all that may become a man. † (I,vii,51), even if it means murdering the King. Determined to fulfill what the witches told him, Macbeth is willing to sacrifice his loyalty in exchange for power, unaware of the outcomes of his actions. Lady Macbeth, along with her overbearing nature and manipulation, leads Macbeth closer and closer to his demise. Her selfish desire to attain power through her husband manifests itself by means of constant persuasion and belittlement. From the moment she receives news of the prophecy the witches informed Macbeth of, she is quick to calculate a plan. Already, she reveals her manipulative character saying, â€Å"I may pour my spirits in thine ear. † (I,v,26). Lady Macbeth makes it clear that her possession of power will ultimately pave the road for her husband’s fall. She obliges Macbeth to murder King Duncan, telling him to â€Å"look like th’ innocent flower, but be the serpent under’t. † (I,vi,76-77). Lady Macbeth makes her husband seem less of a man due to his initial reluctance to undergo her plans. She belittles him in saying, â€Å"when you durst do it, then you were a man; and to be more than what you were, you would be so much more than a man† (I,vii,56-58), driving guilt within Macbeth. Lady Macbeth can be held accountable essentially leading her very own husband down the road of his fall from greatness.

S Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

S Project - Essay Example Many chemicals and makeup products are designed to reduce the signs of aging on the outward appearance by covering up blemishes and unwanted wrinkles on our skin. In the long run, the decisions we make today can greatly impact our ability to combat the effects of the natural aging process. â€Å"9† The fashion industry has changed in recent years, especially in the United States. It no longer focuses on providing goods that are made right here in the U.S., but garments and products are made using cheap labor in foreign countries and then imported back to the United States. This allows companies to garner a greater gross profit than by paying for more expensive labor in America. The problem is that many organizations are being flagged for allegations that the work environments are incredibly terrible and actually border on engaging in many human rights violations. Still, the industry as a whole remains a multi-billion dollar industry and will continue to grow so long as there are customers willing to purchase clothes, accessories, makeup, and other goods and services to improve our outward

Tell u later Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Tell u later - Lab Report Example The company has faced several political issues that have deteriorated its financial position and brand image among its peers. The major competitors of Nokia are Samsung, Apple, LG and Sony. These companies operate in the Android platform apart from Apple. The rapid growth of Samsung has allowed it to reach the leading position which was once owned by Nokia for a long period of time. Nokia has high potential in the windows tablet market owing to the recent rise of windows tablets’ popularity. The business deal with Microsoft has allowed Nokia to have a strong financial background that can be leveraged to finance the future innovations. In order to improve the current condition of Nokia, the company must introduce new technology and innovative products like smart watch or other wearable devices to gain a competitive advantage over its rivals. Nokia Corporation is best known as the manufacturer of mobile handsets in the global market. The company is headquartered in Finland, owns production plants in 8 countries and operates in more than 120 countries (Marketline, 2014a). The company also manufactures network and location based equipments for third party companies. The company owns three major business divisions, the devices and services, network solutions and location based services under the brand HERE. The devices and services section offers mobile phone devices including smart phones and other low end feature phones. The network solution section offers telecommunication solutions targeted at the global mobile broadband industry. It includes 3G, 4G and LTE services along with customer experience management. HERE offers customized GPS and location based services for application developers, automotive companies and device manufacturers (Nokia, 2014). The global mobile phone market has grown significantly over the past fe w years. As of 2013, the mobile phone market earned revenue of $163.4 billion, which represents a growth of

Media Violence Essay Example for Free

Media Violence Essay Introduction   Ã‚   A number of psychological problems are surfacing these days, especially concerning the younger generation. The open viewer ship of television, movies playing video games instill young children with the aggression violent energy of the show. It has been deduced through extensive research that children who view more media violence are more verbally physically aggressive becoming more anti social as the years pass. â€Å"Media violence exposure is described as a risk factor for aggressive beliefs and behaviors, and it is argued that media violence exposure in combination with other risk factors for aggression (e. g., hostile attribution bias, sex, prior aggression) can produce an effect greater than any single risk factor alone.† (For further review Gentile et al 2004)   Ã‚   Psychologists have been conducting researches to learn more about the physical mental effects of violence through media. The intense antagonistic music, lyrics videos affect the viewers most negatively regardless of their age. Even the cartoons which are meant purely for children’s viewing have turned aggressive boisterous. In classrooms students are getting into fights with co- students forming cliques comprising of most popular un- popular students all derived from the latest TV series. This impact is seen in girls more than in boys; however the boys are more into the aggressive attitudes physically. The matters to be discussed are: How the media affects the minds of young children? What steps are being taken by the parents to control these consequences? What measures are the media related people taking so as to broadcast less violence in TV shows? The government officials dealings to solve this problem? The problems occurring due to this social learning; a process where an individual learns by watching imitating others instead of ones own experiences, by exposure to TV violence in the early years are numerous. Some main points to be highlighted are: Diminishing of the involuntary concern for another’s suffering. Losing the sensitivity towards violence aggression by becoming habitual. Imitating the violent acts as seen in the movie. Exhibiting a hostile attitude towards others. Prevalence of risk factor:   Ã‚   Due to the availability of many media options like cable television, DVDs, the ever progressing video games. Unlimited time is being spent in watching cartoon animated movies, which are becoming more sadistic as the technology advances; generating a number of behavioral, social emotional problems. At times the media simply provide a boom to an already disturbed child under stress due to family or school troubles. Often it causes severe psychotic disorders pervasive developmental disorders with a very low frequency which makes it difficult to identify the main causes. (Merrell K. 1999) Description of risk factor at different ages:   Ã‚   The risk factors in media violence are many observed differently at each age level also gender wise.   A research   concluded at 99% of American families have televisions at home, 87% a VCR,   54% children have televisions video games in their own bedrooms. Average time an American child spends per day, in viewing different types of media is 6 hours 43 minutes; of which 90 minutes each day is spent in playing video games. This deduces that they consume double the amount of time in watching TV playing video games then they spend at school annually. Children are mostly fascinated by the fantasies stories hence fantasy based games are the most popular among kids. The total estimation of the profit earned by the video games industry is a whopping $ 10 billion dollars a year, even crossing the gross of the ever popular motion pictures.    It has not yet been deduced how the media violence effects infants but it may cause them to imitate behaviors in a minimal manner, from what they grasp. Usually the viewer ship becomes stronger when they reach the age of two a half or above. That’s the time when they develop the ability to grasp the right meaning of what they view on television then incorporate it in their actions.    The children of age group 6 8 are most likely to be fascinated by what they view on media. They do not have the experience maturity to characterize between the real life fantasy hence; they feel infatuated by the fictional characters try to imitate their actions verbally physically. Many children, when asked what they want to be when they grow up, answer mostly the names of superheroes they watch admire on TV like superman or batman.   Ã‚  When the movie superman was released many children tried to copy the flying act by tying a cape around their neck jumping from a higher place. This ended up in a number of casualties therefore frustration on not being able to carry out the task, which the superman so flawlessly renders. This is not an only example; the horror movies children view also create negative effects in the young minds. When the movie Childs play was released, a huge number of children threw away their dolls had countless nightmares by imagining the face of chucky the evil doll feeling scared.    The young age is open to magical ideas fantasies. They consider the on-screen violence as reality, this though process gradually develops as the child ages the difference between reality fantasy diminishes. The TV is taking over the family moments. This development is progressing with great pace which is an extremely serious issue needs to be tackled controlled by the parents with the collaboration of the media related people.   Ã‚   The media viewing habits that the children develop at an early stage influence their life throughout the ages. The inspiration they take from the fast paced colorful cartoons movies will embark a feeling of aggression at a premature level. The exploring property of young minds fosters them to learn the violent actions of the characters emulate them themselves. This characteristic is further highlighted by the intense sounds music supporting the movie. Theory    The reality enjoyment level of the violence creates de-sensitization. It is a feeling when the individual, loses the feeling of compassion or sensitivity becomes oblivious to the violence being broadcasted in front of him. This process is cemented by the high levels of graphics being used in video games movies these days. The points or rewards on killing, blood showing body mutilation in video games are considered as normal undertakings.    Depression is considered to be the major psychiatric disease of the 20th century. (M. Abdel et al, 2006) This problem is becoming common in young children as well, mostly appearing during the teenage years, it intervenes with a child’s psychological, social academic functioning evoking a suicidal behavior. The signs are often showcased by a child exhibit frustration low tolerance. Various factors are materializing due to the media violence exposure in children: Epidemiologists who have been studying the factors of violence other common social issues discovered that exposure to violent media played a vital part in 10,000 homicides committed in the United States of America last year (E. Cook, 2000) Individuals preferring heavy metal music are more subjective to psychological disarray, substance exploitation, suicidal risk in the extreme stage during adolescence. The effects of interactive media like internet video games are more enduring persuasive on violent behavior than passive media like television as they have increased levels of aggression hostility having a tendency to make the individual insensitive to violence. An inclination towards using drugs indulging in unsafe sex, contributing to the widely spreading diseases like HIV aids, cancer of different types. Specific effects on children/adolescents     Ã‚  Ã‚  The students of middle school or high school, around the age of 12 to 17 are very much capable of theoretical thinking elucidation. However, when exposed to the world of media they do not utilize these mental abilities, making them as prone to media violence effects as younger children. By this age they get much independence by the parents, thus making them highly vulnerable to in appropriate media. This is more compelling for boys than in girls; however, girls too are being captivated into the same habits nowadays. They indulge in viewing media dealing issues in negative ways including loud music videos, horror often pornographic content.    A research conducted by the of Washington epidemiologist Brandon Centerwall, evaluated that among one- quarter one- third convicted young male criminals had consciously imitated the violent techniques they had seen on television.(Tepperman)   Ã‚  Ã‚   Some percentage of youngsters both male females who associate the media content with real life are more prone to becoming aggressive later in life, however they are less prone to identify with television characters doubt the reality of media at this age as compared to younger children. Whereas younger children, are much enthralled captivated by the aggressive heroes depicted in the media. Excessive exposure to strong media generates some particular effects on children like: The violent behavior might perceive them into becoming attackers. It may induce fear in the individual hence creating a victimized effect. The excessive viewing of violent content may make them insensitive ruthless to the belligerence happening around them in media or in real life. It can make them ambitious for yet more aggression violence by creating an effect of negative desire.    The children studying at elementary school level are very keen in recognizing patterns of the actions depicted in media especially cartoons which appeal to them the most. Their cognitive abilities make it a grave period to make conjectures about the vociferous content recognize motivations of the characters.    The society should show some concern to the risks encompassed being spread through media. The fact that a young mind learns develops aggressive behavior later becomes desensitized to it; has been proven by a number of scientific researches. The violence itself is not the attraction for younger children, the graphic content dramatic production features set up the hype. As young as preschool students view cartoons like Pokemon which has been banned earlier in many countries due to its violent theme.   Ã‚   The children not just enjoy the cartoons; they buy the merchandise games of their favorite show as well. Another factor that appears here is when the families who cannot afford such extravagance fail to comply with the Childs demands; it creates a sense of severance in him or her. This might induce him to steal or get into fights so as to hide this feeling. It has been noted by parents teachers alike, that when preschooler watch any stimulating action oriented content, they become more aggressive in their play. The teenagers have a predisposition to confront conventional authority making them vulnerable to interpret some television violence especially exposà © of suicide murders. Research findings   Ã‚   If we observe the viewer ship of programs like MTV WWE containing explicit matter, it is clear that children most exposed to these programs are verbally physically more aggressive anti social. Children viewing WWE are physically more violent get into more fights at school. Both the viewers showed decline in school grades. Girls surprisingly have a higher tendency than boys to get into fights. The steps that appear in children exposed to violence on media making them most likely to imitate it are: Identification with the hero the program itself. Fantasizing about the program creating one’s own stories on its bases. The aptitude to commit the act. Vulnerability and protective factor    The expansion of children’s media started in the early 1940s up till now comprises of television, video tapes, DVDs, electronic games, interactive soft wares. The visual media has flourished more as compared to the print media like comic story books. The 1990s saw a transformation of media into a more violent physically aggressive medium. The rating system that they used to label the content has not been implemented properly thus provoke the risk of violence in young children, often traumatizing them affecting their judgmental qualities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  The media portrays unrealistic concepts regarding beauty physical appearances as sales tactics. This is perceived by the young minds in a negative way propelling them to opt for unhealthy diets suffer body disorders psychological effects when they are unable to attain that look. Minimum 20 hours per week are spent in television viewing by an average American child not counting the time spent on movies, music, video games Internet. This association with media is promoting inactivity the children. Less time is spent on studies social life. The parents use the TV as a way to get the children out of the way. Especially mothers so they can complete housework with ease.    The use of tobacco, alcohol illicit drugs is represented as high glamour in the media. The characters of the movies or TV shows often shown indulging in them. (Clark, 2007) $6 billion $2 billion dollars are spent annually by the tobacco alcohol manufactures respectively in advertising their product. Educational messages are also broadcasted but on a much smaller scale.   Ã‚   Repeated viewing of the harmful content has been noted to lower emotional response to violence increase hostility in individuals. Studies have documented that desensitization results in reduced arousal and emotional disturbance while witnessing violence.   Ã‚   A survey conducted in Ohio, in 1998 of more than 2000 3-8 grade students showed that as the viewer ship increased the psychological effects like anxiety, depression posttraumatic stress increased as well. (Cantor, 2002) A normal American child witness more than 8000 murders on media by the time he’s 11, 75% of these show the murderer performing the act without any regret making the children either insensitive or fearful of the society’s negative acts. (Gentile et all, 2004)   A national survey in 1999 revealed that 62% parents of children ages ranging from 2-17 confessed their child being frightened by something they saw on TV. Strengths and limitations Surveys were conducted, strength is that research will have positive implications if steps taken to avoid exposure of media on young children. Our research limitation is that we have to rely on questionnaires for this study. Though every person who takes the survey we take consent to be truthful and honest, but still some people might not be serious in answering the questions.   Ã‚   The research we conducted brought out many views issues concerning the media’s violent nature by parents psychological experts. Many a times the results deduced by a survey are not 100% accurate due to the answers not being stated with honesty. Often parents hide their children’s problems so as to cast a positive likeable image in front of others. Thus, giving false information diluting the research. Further investigation should be planned executed to fully extract the true happenings. This can help in contriving the broadcast of media to promote positive points among its viewers. The studies should be devised with a broad view so as to cover all the aspects whether good or bad. Often the experts do not co-operate with the evaluators therefore the end results lack professional guidelines. Expert opinion is always required to cement the result of surveys strengthen the evaluation.    The researches conducted in schools proved to be quite remarkable helped in collecting physical psychological health of the children. The information given was backed by the annual report cards examination results of each student. More studies should be conducted in different level schools. It provides a beneficial lead in devising theories regarding the children. Future directions for research Further research is needed in this field and especially research must be conducted to study the effect of media on developmental psychology of children. Future research will reveal how violence in media is affecting children and the related frequency of occurrence of abnormal psychological disorders. This will help taking further steps to stop such media violence and avoid psychological problems.    The research conducted proves that moderate television viewing with parents check is rather favorable for the young children. The media can be used as an effective tool in teaching developing sound habits in children through parental guidance proper planning of the medium’s people. Parents can use the specific shows as guidelines to satisfy the child’s inquisition. Watching programs with good values ethics on TV can help the children understand the right way to behave.    However the media is being used in a limited way, the variety of messages that can be incorporated through the medium is being ignored. Changes must be designed to use the medium in a finest way. The gaps left by this research evaluation should be fulfilled by further researches that are extensively conducted.    Advertising entertainment industries represent the culture spirit of the respective country to the rest of the world must not be used casually. Parents teachers should come up with strategies to create a sense of understanding in the children from an early age.   The parents should realize what effects the movies content on TV are having on their children try to minimize TV viewing at home level. Some ways that may be incorporated by parents to limit children’s revelation to violence are: Restricting keeping a check on what their children view on TV Discussing the programs with older children or young adults to clear their minds of any confusion help them in expressing their opinions. Start a family oriented time by going for picnics, organizing a special lunch or dinner. Allow the children to watch TV for a selected time period only programs that are desirable for their viewing. Offer criticism on TV channels sponsors for showing in appropriate programs or content so as to force them to use proper censorship. Conclusion    The effects whether positive or negative concerning today’s media are out in the open. It is the duty of every individual to counter such issues raise their voices to control them. Many researches experiments are being conducted to realize the short-term long-term effects of violent media. Feelings of hostility, revenge, anger sprout in a young mind provoke him or her to retaliate. Many reasons that promote violence on media are present. Often the viewer the broadcaster thinks the effect is too minute to make a difference in anyone’s mind, nevertheless children are affected by the smallest of acts without worrying about its positive or negative aspect. The media declaring that that there is no understanding of the definition of violence among the people continue to showcase the explicit content. They further comprehend by saying they show what the people want to watch. Believing that violence shown on media is simply showcasing real life. This is mostly observed in news channels movies, where gruesome details of murder accidents are shown openly. Parents allow children to view violent content in the name of comedy, many well-liked shows illustrate this example such as the ever popular tom jerry cartoon which shows both the characters beating or pummeling each other References Anon., (May 28, 2003) Preventing violence by teaching non-violent problem-solving American Psychological Association, [accessed 1st December 2007] http://www.psychologymatters.org/bandura2.html Anon, (February 19, 2004) Violence in the media psychologists helps protect children from harmful effects American Psychological Association [accessed 1st December 2007] http://www.psychologymatters.org/mediaviolence.html Donald E. Cook, (September 13, 2000) Testimony of the American academy of pediatrics on media violence presented to the U.S. senate commerce committee http://www.aap.org/advocacy/releases/mediaviolencetestimony.pdf Douglas A. Gentile, David A. Walsh, Paul R. Ellison, Michelle Fox Jennifer Cameron (May, 2004) Media violence as a risk factor for children: a longitudinal study presented to the American Psychological Society 16th Annual Convention, Chicago, Illinois- pgs 2-5 Jean Tepperman, [January-February 1997]. What do children learn from media violence? Childrens Advocate newsmagazine, Action Alliance for Children Action Alliance for Children [accessed 1st December 2007] http://www.4children.org/news/1-97toxl.htm Joanne Cantor, (April 19, 2002). The psychological effects of media violence on children and adolescents Presented at the Colloquium on Television and Violence in Society http://www.joannecantor.com/montrealpap_fin.htm Kenneth W. Merrell, (1999) Assessment of other behavioral, social, and emotional problems: Behavioral, Social and Emotional Assessment of Children and Adolescents Lawrence Erlbaum Associates- Mahwah, NJ. Publication chapter 11, pg 275 http://www.questia.com/read/28160055# Laura B. Clark (2007) Influence on children media history of media for children, general considerations, studies of media influence, domains of influence, recommendations Education Encyclopedia http://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/2212/Media-Influence-on-Children.html Moataz M. Abdel- Fattah Abdel-Rahman A. Asal, (August 13, 2006) Prevalence, symptomatology, and risk factors for depression among high school students in Saudi Arabia copyright  © 2005 Europes Journal of Psychology [Accessed 1st December 2007] http://www.ejop.org/archives/2006/08/prevalence_symp.htm Wendy L. Josephson, (February 1995) Television violence: a  review of the effects on children of different ages for the Department of Canadian Heritage Reprinted with permission, by the Media Awareness Network. September 1997 [accessed on 1st December 2007] http://www.cfc-efc.ca/docs/mnet/00001068.htm

Al Capone Biography Essay -- Biography

â€Å"When I sell liquor, they call it bootlegging. When my patrons serve it on silver trays on Lake Shore Drive, they call it hospitality.†-Al Capone [Woog, 25] Al Capone was one of the most notorious gangsters during the 1920’s. He was a self-made business man. He had a ready smile and a quick handshake, which if you did not play your cards right, could turn out to be fatal. It took 500 gangland murders to make Capone the boss of Chicago. He was public enemy number one. Capone single handedly gave Chicago the nickname â€Å"The Lawless City.† Alphonse Capone was born in Brooklyn, New York, on January 17, 1899. He grew up in a very rough neighborhood and became a part of two gangs during this time. He was a very bright kid, yet he quit school in the sixth grade at age fourteen. He worked several jobs, such as a clerk at a candy store and a pin boy at a bowling alley, in between scams. After a while he became part of the well known Five Points gang and worked for the fellow gangsters. While he was working one night as a bouncer at the Harvard Inn, he insulted a patron and her brother attacked Capone leaving him with his infamous facial scars which later gave him his nickname â€Å"Scarface.† In 1918, Capone met a girl named Mary Coughlin who gave birth to their son Albert "Sonny" Francis. Coughlin and Capone married later that year. He was first arrested on a disorderly conduct charge while working for fellow gangster Frankie Yale. At this time he also murdered two men to prove his willingness to kill, but he was not tried because of the gangland etiquette of â€Å"silence.† Capone was let off of all charges due to lack of proof. After Capone hospitalized a rival gang member, Yale sent him to Chicago until things blew over. He arrived there in 1919. When Capone settled into Chicago, Yale sent him to work for his old mentor, John Torrio. Once Torrio realized Capone’s potential, he took him under his wing and let Capone become his partner in the bootlegging business. By 1922, Capone was Torrio’s number two man and was his partner in everything. Torrio was shot by rival gang members and forced to leave Chicago, so naturally Capone made himself boss. Capone was well liked and trusted by his men and soon called â€Å"The Big Fellow.† He quickly prove... ...Likeville, MN: Northstar Maschek Books, 1987 †¢ Esslinger, Michael. â€Å"Al (Scarface) Capone†. Alcatraz History. 1pp. 17 March. 2005 /. †¢ Famous Cases: Alphonse Capone. Federal Bureau of Investigation. 3pp. 5 March. 2005 . †¢ Goldfarb, Joel. â€Å"Capone†. Encyclopedia of World Biography. 1993 †¢ Helmer, William J. â€Å"Al Capone†. World Book Encyclopedia. 2005 †¢ Landesco, John. Organized crime in Chicago. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968. †¢ Paton, John, et al., eds. Crimes and Punishment Vol. 2 New York: Marshall Cavendish Corporation, 1986. †¢ Waller, Irle. Chicago Uncensored: Firsthand Stories About the Al Capone Era. New York: Exposition Press, 1965. †¢ Woog, Adam. Gangsters. San Diego: Lucent Books, 1953. 25-35 Al Capone Biography Essay -- Biography â€Å"When I sell liquor, they call it bootlegging. When my patrons serve it on silver trays on Lake Shore Drive, they call it hospitality.†-Al Capone [Woog, 25] Al Capone was one of the most notorious gangsters during the 1920’s. He was a self-made business man. He had a ready smile and a quick handshake, which if you did not play your cards right, could turn out to be fatal. It took 500 gangland murders to make Capone the boss of Chicago. He was public enemy number one. Capone single handedly gave Chicago the nickname â€Å"The Lawless City.† Alphonse Capone was born in Brooklyn, New York, on January 17, 1899. He grew up in a very rough neighborhood and became a part of two gangs during this time. He was a very bright kid, yet he quit school in the sixth grade at age fourteen. He worked several jobs, such as a clerk at a candy store and a pin boy at a bowling alley, in between scams. After a while he became part of the well known Five Points gang and worked for the fellow gangsters. While he was working one night as a bouncer at the Harvard Inn, he insulted a patron and her brother attacked Capone leaving him with his infamous facial scars which later gave him his nickname â€Å"Scarface.† In 1918, Capone met a girl named Mary Coughlin who gave birth to their son Albert "Sonny" Francis. Coughlin and Capone married later that year. He was first arrested on a disorderly conduct charge while working for fellow gangster Frankie Yale. At this time he also murdered two men to prove his willingness to kill, but he was not tried because of the gangland etiquette of â€Å"silence.† Capone was let off of all charges due to lack of proof. After Capone hospitalized a rival gang member, Yale sent him to Chicago until things blew over. He arrived there in 1919. When Capone settled into Chicago, Yale sent him to work for his old mentor, John Torrio. Once Torrio realized Capone’s potential, he took him under his wing and let Capone become his partner in the bootlegging business. By 1922, Capone was Torrio’s number two man and was his partner in everything. Torrio was shot by rival gang members and forced to leave Chicago, so naturally Capone made himself boss. Capone was well liked and trusted by his men and soon called â€Å"The Big Fellow.† He quickly prove... ...Likeville, MN: Northstar Maschek Books, 1987 †¢ Esslinger, Michael. â€Å"Al (Scarface) Capone†. Alcatraz History. 1pp. 17 March. 2005 /. †¢ Famous Cases: Alphonse Capone. Federal Bureau of Investigation. 3pp. 5 March. 2005 . †¢ Goldfarb, Joel. â€Å"Capone†. Encyclopedia of World Biography. 1993 †¢ Helmer, William J. â€Å"Al Capone†. World Book Encyclopedia. 2005 †¢ Landesco, John. Organized crime in Chicago. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968. †¢ Paton, John, et al., eds. Crimes and Punishment Vol. 2 New York: Marshall Cavendish Corporation, 1986. †¢ Waller, Irle. Chicago Uncensored: Firsthand Stories About the Al Capone Era. New York: Exposition Press, 1965. †¢ Woog, Adam. Gangsters. San Diego: Lucent Books, 1953. 25-35

Saussure and Derrida

A science that studies the life of signs within society is conceivable; . . . I shall call it semiology (from Greek semeion ‘sign'). Semiology would show what constitutes signs, what laws govern them. Since the science does not yet exist, no one can say what it would be. . . . (Saussure, 1960:16) In this statement Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913), the twentieth-century father of the science of signs, presents his theory about language and gives a Greek name. This enterprise has considerably affected most discussions about language and of interpretation since its inauguration. Saussure presents the linguistic system as the place of the sign. Signs don't exist apart from a system. And it is every time a system of differences. Unavoidably, the theory of signs leads Saussure to the theory of language as system. Later, Jacques Derrida (1930-2004) discovers the logocentric dynamic in Saussure's new theory. Referring to the father of structural linguistics and semiology, Derrida leads readers beyond Saussure toward a poststructuralist future. It is this logocentrism which, limiting the internal system of language in general by a bad abstraction, prevents Saussure and the majority of his successors from determining fully and explicitly that which is called ‘the integral and concrete object of linguistics† (Cours 23). Both Ferdinand de Saussure – father of 20th-century linguistics and Jacques Derrida – founder of deconstruction made profound impact upon language theory; their ideas laid the basis for considerable developments in linguisti cs in the 20th century. Saussure on Language In itself, thought is like a swirling cloud, where no shape is intrinsically determinate. No ideas are established in advance, and nothing is distinct, before the introduction of linguistic structure. [†¦] Just as it is impossible to take a pair of scissors and cut one side of paper without at the same time cutting the other, so it is impossible in a language to isolate sound from thought, or thought from sound. To separate the two for theoretical purposes takes us into either pure psychology or pure phonetics, not linguistics. Linguistics, then, operates along this margin, where sound and thought meet. The contact between them gives rise to a form, not a substance (Cours 155-7). This impressive statement from the posthumously published Cours de linguistique generale of Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913) introduces readers in what was later called as a ‘Copernican revolution' in Western thought relating to language. Why ‘Copernican’? Because just as Copernicus had asserted that the Earth revolved around the Sun, instead of the Sun revolving around the Earth, Saussure asserts something similar on the subject of language. His theory claimed that languages are the instruments that give human beings opportunity to achieve a rational understanding of the world in which they live. Rather than considering words as mere addition to human comprehension of reality, Saussure considered comprehension of reality as depending substantially upon human use of the verbal signs that form the language people use. Language is not secondary but, quite the reverse, central to human life. As a result, human life is linguistically constructed life. Saussure's theory goes far beyond the traditional theory of language as something communicated. It also goes beyond Locke's theory of words as symbols that stand for ideas. Many linguistic philosophers had claimed that without language human reason would be lacking its principal instrument of transformation ideas into words. But Saussure's theory goes further and deeper. Saussure indicates the phonetic and conceptual aspects of language. Linguistics was for Saussure only one subdivision of a relating to various branches science of signs that he proposed to call ‘semiology' (semiologie). Each branch of semiology had a theory of the signs which it studied. Consequently, linguistics would need a theory of the linguistic sign, the fundamental unit of langue. Such a theory of language Saussure proceeds to offer. As his paper-cutting analogy shows, he deals with the linguistic sign as a unit determined merely by its form. Its form has two facets, or ‘opposite sides'. The Saussurean technical identifications for these two facets of the sign are signifiant and signifie (the ‘signifying' plane and the ‘signified' plane) (Matthews 21). Every langue includes semiological system of bi-planar signs. Each sign has its signifiant and its signifie. Despite the fact that each plane may, for convenience, be analyzed one by one, no linguistic sign can be determined without considering both planes that are equally important. The published in 1916 text of the Cours faithfully reflects Saussure's theory about language. That text became the subsequent chapter in the history of ideas about language theory. The text became a cornerstone of modern linguistic theory, as well as the public declaration of a more general intellectual movement of the 20th century that had effect on such diverse disciplines as psychology, social anthropology and literary criticism. This all-round movement is today known as ‘structuralism'. The whole question that the Saussurean theory of linguistic structure gives rise is this: ‘If our langue is a structure, then a structure of what exactly? ‘ (Matthews 69) Saussure's answer to this question is problematic. He identified langue as being at the same time a structure of the mental operations of the human beings, and also a structure of the communicational processes by means of which human beings perform their roles as a cultural constitution. So langue is finally supra-individual in the relation that it is placed in society and depends for its existence on cultural relations; yet it assumes in each individual the power of an internally created system of linguistic signs. More exactly, langue, Saussure claims, ‘is never complete in any single individual, but exists perfectly only in the collectivity' (Cours 30). Derrida’s Theory of Language The theory of language to which Derrida wants to turn attention is connected with the method linguistic meaning is produced. More exactly, the method what there is of linguistic meaning and nonmeaning in their interconnection is presented. Derrida, in his theory of deconstruction, presents the same structure for both the process of nonaesthetic negativity and the process of aesthetic negativity. â€Å"Deconstruction† is connected with an analysis of the theory of language that, similar to the process of aesthetic negativity, discovers within this theory the seeds of its own downfall. Derrida presents a theory of meaning that reflects the idea of the â€Å"iterability† of signs and what he calls their â€Å"supplementary† status. Jonathan Culler summarized Derrida's central idea in this regard in the following way: Our earlier formula, â€Å"meaning is context-bound, but context is boundless,† helps us recall why both projects fail: meaning is context-bound, so intentions do not in fact suffice to determine meaning; context must be mobilized. But context is boundless, so accounts of context never provide full determinations of meaning. Against any set of formulations, one can imagine further possibilities of context, including the expansion of context produced by reinscription within a context of the description of it (Menke 96). Considering Culler's interpretation, Derrida's thesis of the uncircumventable proclivity of language for crisis is based on the difference between what one expects context to offer and what it can really do, when correctly viewed. The nonetheless inevitable recourse to context in the determination of meaning thus results in a crisis for every attempt to comprehend language. What is supposed to generate definitiveness is itself unlimited and thus the source of unmanaged difference. Derrida’s general thesis thus is based on the idea that the understanding of the meaning of signs can only function in a context-bound way. At the same time that contexts cannot define the meaning of signs since they are themselves boundless. The boundlessness that meaning opens itself to in its context-boundedness is in no way eo ipso the boundlessness of a difference that is inconsistent with any identity of meaning (Menke 90). Derrida himself realizes his argument that a â€Å"thousand possibilities will always remain open even if one understands something in this phrase that makes sense† (Menke 96) in an equivocal fashion. On the one hand this idea means: every sign can function in different and boundlessly many contexts. This is precisely what determines the iterability of signs: their reusability in contexts that are not actually those in which they were first placed. The usability of signs in boundlessly many contexts in itself, though, in no way is opposite to the definitiveness of its use and meaning as determined by rules of language. Although one might note, with Derrida, that the deconstruction of logocentrism is a search for â€Å"the other of language† (Derrida 1984, 123), this does not contribute to the statement that deconstruction is originally concerned with a linguistic theory. This is first and foremost the question of the concrete instance, of â€Å"the other, which is beyond language† (Derrida 1984,123). Far, then, from being a philosophy that according to its critics, states that there is nothing beyond language and that one is confined within language, deconstruction can be considered as a response. â€Å"Deconstruction is, in itself, a positive response to an alterity which necessarily calls, summons or motivates it. Deconstruction is therefore vocation – a response to a call† (Derrida 1984,118). Derrida claims that the character of deconstruction is not solely positive, that is not merely an assertion of what already exists and is known, but that it is an assertion of what is wholly other (tout autre) (Derrida 1992, 27). Derrida claims that difference is not something that can appear in logocentric discourse: â€Å"differance is not,† Derrida explains, â€Å"preceded by the originary and indivisible unity of a present possibility that I could reserve†¦. What defers presence, on the contrary, is the very basis on which presence is announced or desired in what represents it, its sign, its trace†¦. Differance is â€Å"that which produces different things, that which differentiates, is the common root of all the oppositional concepts that mark our language†¦ † (Positions, 89). Differance is neither structure nor origin, â€Å"such an alternative itself being an ‘effect' of differance. † Even so, studying the operations of differance requires that the writer use such concepts as structure and origin and â€Å"borrow the syntaxic and lexical resources of the language of metaphysics† even if the writer wishes to deconstruct this language ( Positions, pp. -10). Derrida indicates that differance is not an origin. Neither language nor writing springs in differance. Instead, Derrida says, differance allows the play of absence and presence, writing and thought, structure and force by means of which the question of origin comes to know itself. Saussure and Derrida Exactly at this point one is faced with one of the most problematic though fascinating dimensions of Derrida's theory. The problem, stated above, is that, as soon as it is recognized that there are no simple, unsignified, transcendental signifiers that fix and warrant the meaning of the words, that there exist no originals to which the words can be attributed, one comes to conditions where even this acknowledgement itself seems to have become â€Å"floating† (May 125). Derrida resolves this difficult situation with the help of above discussed theory of signs and of language developed by Ferdinand de Saussure. Despite the idea that language is in a fundamental way a naming process, attaching words to things, Saussure had claimed that language is a system, or a structure. In the structure any individual element is meaningless outside the boundaries of that structure. In language, he asserts, there are only differences. But – and here the ideas of Saussure are basic for Derrida's deconstruction of the metaphysics of presence – these differences are not differences between positive terms, that is between terms that in and by themselves are connected with objects or things outside the system. Accordingly, in language, Saussure indicates, there are only differences without positive terms (May 127). But if this is true, if there are no positive terms, then it means that one can no longer define the differential position of language itself by means of a positive term either. Difference without positive terms indicates that this dimension must itself always be left unperceived for, roughly speaking, it is unconceptualizable. It is a difference that cannot be returned into the order of the same and, through a signifier, given individual characteristics. This suggests, then, that â€Å"the play of difference, which, as Saussure reminded us, is the condition for the possibility and functioning of every sign, is in itself a silent play† (Derrida 1982, 5). If, however, one wants to articulate that – one must first of all admit that there can never be a word or a concept to correspond to this silent play. One must also admit that this play cannot merely be exposed, for â€Å"one can expose only that which at a certain moment can become present† (Derrida 1982, 5). And one must ultimately admit that there is nowhere to begin, â€Å"for what is put into question is precisely the quest for a rightful beginning, an absolute point of departure† (Derrida 1982, 6). All this, and more, is acknowledged in the new â€Å"word† or â€Å"concept† – â€Å"which is neither a word nor a concept† (Derrida 1982:7) but a â€Å"neographism† (Derrida 1982:13) – of differance. The motive why Derrida uses â€Å"what is written as difference† (Derrida 1982, 11) is not difficult to understand. For although â€Å"the play of difference† (Derrida 1982, 11) is introduced as something for the opportunity of all conceptuality, one should not make the mistaken opinion to think that one has finally discovered the real origin of conceptuality. That, expressing the same idea but differently, this play is a playful but despite that transcendental signified. Strictly speaking, in order to avoid this mistake one must acknowledge that the differences that make up the play of difference â€Å"are themselves effects† (Derrida 1982:11, original emphasis). As Derrida claims, What is written as differance, then, will be the playing movement that â€Å"produces† – by means of something that is not simply an activity – these differences, these effects of difference. This does not mean that the differance that produces differences is somehow before them, in a simple and unmodified – in-different – present. Differance is the non-full, non-simple, structured and differentiating origin of differences. Thus, the name â€Å"origin† no longer suits. (Derrida 1982, 11) Although differance is straightforwardly connected with a structuralist idea of meaning – that Derrida recognizes when he indicates that he sees no reason to question the truth of what Saussure proposes (Derrida 1976, 39), there is one important aspect in which differance is outside the scope of structuralism. The point here is that Derrida clearly refuses to accept the primary character of structure itself. Structure is not a transcendental represented (for which reason Derrida notes that he does not want to question the truth of what Saussure proposes â€Å"on the level on which he says it [original emphasis] â€Å"but does want to question the logocentric way in which Saussure says it (Derrida 1976, 39). Structure is even less the effect of an original presence coming before and causing it (Derrida 1978, 278-9). What differance tries to express is the differential character of the â€Å"origin† of structure itself. It is in this relation that one might observe that Derrida's writing is poststructural. To some degree, surely, differance appears when Saussure's examination of how language operates. â€Å"In language,† Saussure indicates, â€Å"there are only differences. Even more important: a difference generally implies positive terms between which the difference is set up; but in language there are only differences without positive terms† (Positions, 120). Derrida's differance in an obvious manner is like Saussure's differences. At the end of Positions, for instance, Derrida specifies â€Å"as differance the movement according to which language, or any other code, any system of reference in general, is constituted ‘historically' as a tissue of differences† (Positions, 104). But Derrida makes an effort to go further. Whereas Saussure considers the differences in a semiotic system as the set of constantly changing relationships the speaker manipulates in order to produce meaning, Derrida defines differance as the boundless disappearance of either an origin of or a final place for meaning. When Derrida describes differance, he always does so by examining what it is not. Rather than considering language in the traditional way, as a set of external signs of already farmed internal thoughts (characteristic of â€Å"logocentrism†), Derrida, like Saussure and modern linguistics, thinks of users of language producing coded, that is, repeatable, marks or traces that originate from within certain unities of meaning as â€Å"effects† of the code. These traces are not fundamentally meaningful in themselves but â€Å"arbitrary† and â€Å"conventional† (Menke 96). Thus there is no difference whether one says â€Å"rex,† â€Å"rol,† or â€Å"king† so long as â€Å"we† – those who share these conventions – can tell the difference between rex and lex, roi and loi, and king and sing (Menke 96). The meaning – is a process of the difference, of the distance or the â€Å"spacing† between the traces, what is called, in an absolutely serious way, the â€Å"play† of differences or traces. By the â€Å"play of differences† Derrida defines the differential spacing, the recognized distance, the recognized (heard, seen) intervals between traces first analyzed in structural linguistics (Menke 97). Conclusion A comprehensive historical examination of deconstruction would necessarily include numerous precursors and forerunners: Freud, Hegel, Heidegger, Husserl, Lacan, Levi-Strauss, Marx, Nietzsche, Saussure. . . . However, it can be said that the history of contemporary deconstruction begins with Jacques Derrida De la grammatologie (1967) that opens with a critique of Saussure. Saussure’s theory of language is here framed within a metaphysical system that extends from Plato and Aristotle to Heidegger and Levi-Strauss. By Derrida this theory is called â€Å"logocentric. † Saussure marks a concluding stage of the long logocentric epoch. Derrida indicates that logocentrism imposed itself upon the world and controlled the theory of language. Derrida’s contributions laid ground for future epoch. In the role of prophet, Derrida concludes his â€Å"Exergue† indicating: â€Å"The future can only be anticipated in the form of an absolute danger. It is that which breaks absolutely with constituted normality and can only be proclaimed, presented, as a sort of monstrosity. For that future world and for that within it which will have put into question the values of sign, word, and writing, for that which guides our future anterior, there is as yet no exergue† (Derrida 1967).

The Decision by Supreme Court Concerning the Jones v Kernott Case Free Essay Example, 2500 words

Leonard Kernott and Patricia Jones started cohabiting in 1983 and had two children. They purchased a family home in joint names at 39 Badger Hall Avenue for 30,000 in 1984. The couple lived in this home for around eleven years. Upon separation of the two in 1993, Kernott deserted their family home, while the claimant stayed with children in the house. Jones did not apply for the Child Support Agency. Kernott quit making mortgage contribution to the property and demonstrated little commitment towards maintaining their two children. Their joint effort in selling the property for 70,000 in October 1995 was unsuccessful. The parties, however, cashed in on mutually owned insurance policy, of which the proceeds were shared equally. Kernott used his share to mortgage a house at 114 Stanley Road in Essex for around 57,000. Jones used her share to perform cosmetic surgery. Kernott invoked correspondence in order to claim his share of the property at 39 Badger Hall Avenue. In 2007, Jones f iled a lawsuit against Kernott s claim for a joint share of the property (Mee 2012). We will write a custom essay sample on The Decision by Supreme Court Concerning the Jones v Kernott Case or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page The decision was that the parties were entitled to an equal share of the property at 39 Badger Hall Avenue. This was based on finding that the intention of the parties was unchanged. Jones had filed an appeal to the Supreme Court, which led to the restoration of Strauss s decision (Yip 2012; Mee 2012).